IoT OS and RTOS for Internet of Things devices

Introduction

In this comprehensive guide, we discuss IoT OS (Internet of Things Operating Systems) and RTOS (Real-Time Operating Systems). This updated article highlights key features, parameters for selection, and certifications required for IoT and embedded devices.

What is IoT OS?

An Internet of Things Operating System is designed to function efficiently within the constraints of IoT devices. These constraints include limited memory, power, and processing capacity. Essentially, IoT OSes are a type of Embedded Operating System designed to enable seamless data transfer over the internet.

Applications of IoT OS

IoT OSes are essential for controlling systems in various applications, including:

• Cars
• Traffic and streetlights
• Smart TVs
• ATMs
• Airplane controls
• Point of Sale (POS) terminals
• Digital cameras
• GPS navigation systems
• Elevators
• Digital media receivers
• Smart meters

While IoT OSes are an evolution of embedded OSes, IoT introduces additional constraints that developers must address. Both open-source and commercial IoT OSes are available in the market today.

Parameters for Selecting a Suitable IoT OS

When selecting an IoT OS, consider the following parameters:

1. Footprint:
   • Since IoT devices are resource-constrained, the OS should have minimal memory, power, and processing requirements.
2. Portability:
   • The OS should isolate applications from hardware specifics and offer standard interfaces like POSIX calls to ensure smooth portability across platforms.
3. Modularity:
   • A modular OS should have a minimal core kernel while allowing additional features to be integrated as needed.
4. Connectivity:
   • The OS should support various communication protocols such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, BLE, Zigbee, and IEEE 802.15.4.
5. Scalability:
   • The OS should support a wide range of devices, from small nodes to powerful gateways, ensuring flexibility for various IoT ecosystems.
6. Reliability:
   • For mission-critical systems, reliability is crucial. IoT OSes must operate continuously for extended periods and often require specific certifications.
7. Security:
   • Security features like secure boot, SSL/TLS support, encryption drivers, and intrusion protection are vital for ensuring data protection.

Certifications for IoT OS

Depending on the industry, an IoT OS may require the following certifications:

• DO-178B for avionics systems
• IEC 61508 for industrial control systems
• ISO 62304 for medical devices
• SIL3/SIL4 IEC for transportation and nuclear systems

By carefully evaluating these parameters and ensuring the necessary certifications, developers can select an IoT OS that meets the performance, security, and scalability needs of their applications.

List of IoT OS and RTOS

As of 2025, several active IoT operating systems cater to the diverse needs of connected devices. Here’s an overview of some prominent IoT OS options:

1. Ubuntu Core

• Developer: Canonical
• Description: A minimalistic version of Ubuntu designed specifically for IoT devices and embedded systems. Ubuntu Core utilizes “snaps,” which are containerized software packages that operate in isolated sandboxes, enhancing security and simplifying updates.
• Features:
  • Transactional updates ensuring system reliability
  • Robust security with isolated applications
  • Seamless integration with major cloud platforms like AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, and Azure IoT Hub
• Use Cases: Ideal for industrial automation, digital signage, and smart gateways.
• Official Website: Ubuntu Core

2. Android Things

• Developer: Google
• Description: A variant of the Android operating system tailored for IoT devices, allowing developers to leverage existing Android development tools and APIs.
• Features:
  • Support for a wide range of hardware platforms
  • Integration with Google services
  • Regular security updates managed by Google
• Use Cases: Suitable for smart home devices, consumer electronics, and retail solutions.
• Official Website: Android Things

3. Apache Mynewt

• Developer: Apache Software Foundation
• Description: An open-source, real-time operating system designed for microcontroller-based devices, emphasizing modularity and flexibility.
• Features:
  • Support for multiple networking protocols, including Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
  • Extensible and modular architecture
  • Built-in security features
• Use Cases: Ideal for wearables, environmental sensors, and asset tracking devices.
• Official Website: Apache Mynewt

4. Wind River VxWorks

• Developer: Wind River
• Description: A real-time operating system known for its reliability and performance in mission-critical applications.
• Features:
  • Deterministic process and multitasking capabilities
  • Robust security features, including secure boot and data encryption
  • Support for various hardware platforms
• Use Cases: Ideal for aerospace, automotive, and industrial control systems.
• Official Website: Wind River VxWorks

5. Zephyr Project

• Developer: Linux Foundation
• Description: An open-source, scalable, real-time operating system supporting multiple hardware architectures, designed for resource-constrained devices.
• Features:
  • Supports a wide range of networking protocols
  • Emphasis on security and modularity
  • Extensive developer community and support
• Use Cases: Suitable for sensor networks, wearable technologies, and smart home devices.
• Official Website: Zephyr Project

6. FreeRTOS

• Developer: Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Description: A real-time operating system for microcontrollers that makes small, low-power edge devices easy to program, deploy, secure, connect, and manage.
• Features:
  • Support for over 40 microcontroller architectures
  • Seamless integration with AWS IoT services
  • MIT open-source license
• Use Cases: Ideal for industrial automation, automotive, and consumer electronics.
• Official Website: FreeRTOS

7. Mbed OS

• Developer: Arm Holdings
• Description: An open-source operating system designed for the Internet of Things, specifically tailored for Arm Cortex-M microcontrollers.
• Features:
  • Comprehensive connectivity support, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and cellular
  • Built-in security features
  • Rich set of development tools and an active community
• Use Cases: Suitable for smart city applications, wearables, and industrial IoT devices.
• Official Website: Mbed OS

8. Contiki-NG

• Developer: Contiki-NG Community
• Description: An open-source operating system for the Internet of Things, focusing on low-power microcontrollers and wireless communication.
• Features:
  • Supports IPv6, 6LoWPAN, RPL, and CoAP
  • Energy-efficient networking
  • Active community

Conclusion

Choosing the right IoT OS is critical to the success of an IoT project. Developers must consider factors like performance, security, scalability, and compatibility before making a choice. With the rapid growth of IoT applications, selecting an optimal OS can streamline development, improve reliability, and ensure security in IoT ecosystems.